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الضرب القياسي

الضرب القياسي للمتجهات في الفضاء

أتحقق من فهمي صفحة (144):

أجد ناتج الضرب القياسي للمتجهين في كل مما يأتي:

begin mathsize 20px style straight v with rightwards arrow on top equals not stretchy left angle bracket 4 comma 8 comma negative 3 not stretchy right angle bracket comma straight w with rightwards arrow on top equals not stretchy left angle bracket minus 3 comma 7 comma 2 not stretchy right angle bracket end style (a)

begin mathsize 20px style straight v with rightwards arrow on top times straight w with rightwards arrow on top equals 4 left parenthesis negative 3 right parenthesis plus 8 left parenthesis 7 right parenthesis minus 3 left parenthesis 2 right parenthesis equals negative 12 plus 56 minus 6 equals 38 end style

begin mathsize 20px style straight m with rightwards arrow on top equals negative 3 straight i with not stretchy hat on top plus 5 straight j with not stretchy hat on top minus straight k with not stretchy hat on top comma straight n with rightwards arrow on top equals negative 12 straight i with not stretchy hat on top plus 6 straight j with not stretchy hat on top minus 8 straight k with not stretchy hat on top end style (b)

begin mathsize 20px style straight m with rightwards arrow on top times straight n with rightwards arrow on top equals negative 3 left parenthesis negative 12 right parenthesis plus 5 left parenthesis 6 right parenthesis minus 1 left parenthesis negative 8 right parenthesis equals 36 plus 30 plus 8 equals 74 end style


الزاوية بين متجهين في الفضاء

أتحقق من فهمي صفحة (146):

أجد قياس الزاوية begin mathsize 20px style bold italic theta end style بين المتجه begin mathsize 20px style bold u with rightwards arrow on top end style والمتجه begin mathsize 20px style bold W with rightwards arrow on top end style في كل مما يأتي، مقرباً الناتج إلى أقرب عشـر درجة:

begin mathsize 20px style straight u with rightwards arrow on top equals negative 3 straight i with not stretchy hat on top plus 5 straight j with not stretchy hat on top minus 4 straight k with not stretchy hat on top comma straight w with rightwards arrow on top equals 4 straight i with not stretchy hat on top plus 2 straight j with not stretchy hat on top minus 3 straight k with not stretchy hat on top end style (a)

begin mathsize 20px style b b b table attributes columnalign right left right left right left right left right left right left columnspacing 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em end attributes row blank cell vertical line straight u with rightwards arrow on top vertical line equals square root of 9 plus 25 plus 16 end root equals square root of 50 end cell row blank cell vertical line straight w with rightwards arrow on top vertical line equals square root of 16 plus 4 plus 9 end root equals square root of 29 end cell row blank cell straight u with rightwards arrow on top times straight w with rightwards arrow on top equals negative 3 left parenthesis 4 right parenthesis plus 5 left parenthesis 2 right parenthesis minus 4 left parenthesis negative 3 right parenthesis equals negative 12 plus 10 plus 12 equals 10 end cell row blank cell theta equals c o s to the power of negative 1 end exponent invisible function application left parenthesis fraction numerator straight u with rightwards arrow on top times straight w with rightwards arrow on top over denominator vertical line straight u with rightwards arrow on top vertical line vertical line straight w with rightwards arrow on top vertical line end fraction right parenthesis equals c o s to the power of negative 1 end exponent invisible function application left parenthesis fraction numerator 10 over denominator square root of 50 cross times square root of 29 end fraction right parenthesis equals c o s to the power of negative 1 end exponent invisible function application left parenthesis fraction numerator 10 over denominator square root of 1450 end fraction right parenthesis almost equal to 74.8 to the power of ring operator end cell end table end style

begin mathsize 20px style straight u with rightwards arrow on top equals not stretchy left angle bracket 2 comma negative 10 comma 6 not stretchy right angle bracket comma straight w with rightwards arrow on top equals not stretchy left angle bracket minus 3 comma 15 comma negative 9 not stretchy right angle bracket end style (b)

begin mathsize 20px style table attributes columnalign right left right left right left right left right left right left columnspacing 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em end attributes row blank cell vertical line straight u with rightwards arrow on top vertical line equals square root of 4 plus 100 plus 36 end root equals square root of 140 end cell row blank cell vertical line straight w with rightwards arrow on top vertical line equals square root of 9 plus 225 plus 81 end root equals square root of 315 end cell row blank cell straight u with rightwards arrow on top times straight w with rightwards arrow on top equals 2 left parenthesis negative 3 right parenthesis minus 10 left parenthesis 15 right parenthesis plus 6 left parenthesis 9 right parenthesis equals negative 6 minus 150 minus 54 equals negative 210 end cell row blank cell table attributes columnalign right left right left right left right left right left right left columnspacing 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em end attributes row cell theta equals c o s to the power of negative 1 end exponent invisible function application left parenthesis fraction numerator straight u with rightwards arrow on top times straight w with rightwards arrow on top over denominator vertical line straight u with rightwards arrow on top vertical line vertical line straight w with rightwards arrow on top vertical line end fraction right parenthesis equals c o s to the power of negative 1 end exponent invisible function application left parenthesis fraction numerator negative 210 over denominator square root of 140 cross times square root of 315 end fraction right parenthesis end cell cell equals c o s to the power of negative 1 end exponent invisible function application left parenthesis fraction numerator negative 210 over denominator square root of 44100 end fraction right parenthesis end cell row blank cell equals c o s to the power of negative 1 end exponent invisible function application left parenthesis negative 1 right parenthesis equals 180 to the power of ring operator end cell end table end cell end table end style


الزاوية بين مستقيمين في الفضاء

أتحقق من فهمي صفحة (147):

إذا كانت: begin mathsize 20px style straight r with rightwards arrow on top equals left parenthesis table attributes columnspacing 1em end attributes row 3 row cell negative 2 end cell row 1 end table right parenthesis plus t left parenthesis table attributes columnspacing 1em end attributes row 2 row cell negative 5 end cell row cell negative 1 end cell end table right parenthesis end style معادلة متجهة للمستقيم begin mathsize 20px style l subscript 1 end style، وكانت: begin mathsize 20px style straight r with rightwards arrow on top equals left parenthesis table attributes columnalign left columnspacing 1em end attributes row 5 row 3 row 0 end table right parenthesis plus u left parenthesis table attributes columnspacing 1em end attributes row 1 row 0 row cell negative 3 end cell end table right parenthesis end style معادلة متجهة للمستقيم begin mathsize 20px style l subscript 2 end style، فأجد قياس الزاوية الحادة بين المستقيم begin mathsize 20px style l subscript 1 end style والمستقيم begin mathsize 20px style l subscript 2 end style إلى أقرب درجة. 

اتجاه المستقيم begin mathsize 20px style l subscript 1 end style هو begin mathsize 20px style straight v with rightwards arrow on top equals not stretchy left angle bracket 2 comma negative 5 comma negative 1 not stretchy right angle bracket end style واتجاه المستقيم begin mathsize 20px style l subscript 2 end style هو begin mathsize 20px style straight u with rightwards arrow on top equals not stretchy left angle bracket 1 comma 0 comma negative 3 not stretchy right angle bracket end style

begin mathsize 20px style table attributes columnalign right left right left right left right left right left right left columnspacing 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em end attributes row blank cell vertical line straight v with rightwards arrow on top vertical line equals square root of 4 plus 25 plus 1 end root equals square root of 30 end cell row blank cell vertical line straight u with rightwards arrow on top vertical line equals square root of 1 plus 0 plus 9 end root equals square root of 10 end cell row blank cell straight v with rightwards arrow on top times straight u with rightwards arrow on top equals 1 left parenthesis 2 right parenthesis plus 0 left parenthesis negative 5 right parenthesis minus 3 left parenthesis negative 1 right parenthesis equals 2 plus 3 equals 5 end cell row blank cell space of 2em theta equals c o s to the power of negative 1 end exponent invisible function application left parenthesis fraction numerator straight u with rightwards arrow on top times straight v with rightwards arrow on top over denominator vertical line straight u with rightwards arrow on top vertical line vertical line straight v with rightwards arrow on top vertical line end fraction right parenthesis equals c o s to the power of negative 1 end exponent invisible function application left parenthesis fraction numerator 5 over denominator square root of 10 cross times square root of 30 end fraction right parenthesis equals c o s to the power of negative 1 end exponent invisible function application left parenthesis fraction numerator 5 over denominator square root of 300 end fraction right parenthesis almost equal to 73 to the power of ring operator end cell end table end style

إذن، قياس الزاوية الحادة بين المستقيمين begin mathsize 20px style l subscript 2 comma l subscript 1 end style هو begin mathsize 20px style 73 to the power of ring operator end style تقريباً.


إيجاد مساحة المثلث باستعمال المتجهات

أتحقق من فهمي صفحة (149):

أجد مساحة المثلث EFG الذي إحداثيات رؤوسه هي:

begin mathsize 20px style E left parenthesis 2 comma 1 comma negative 1 right parenthesis comma F left parenthesis 5 comma 1 comma 7 right parenthesis comma G left parenthesis 6 comma negative 3 comma 1 right parenthesis end style.

begin mathsize 20px style table attributes columnalign right left right left right left right left right left right left columnspacing 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em end attributes row blank cell stack G F with rightwards arrow on top equals not stretchy left angle bracket minus 1 comma 4 comma 6 not stretchy right angle bracket end cell row blank cell vertical line stack G F with rightwards arrow on top vertical line equals square root of 1 plus 16 plus 36 end root equals square root of 53 end cell row blank cell stack G E with rightwards arrow on top equals not stretchy left angle bracket minus 4 comma 4 comma negative 2 not stretchy right angle bracket end cell row blank cell vertical line stack G E with rightwards arrow on top vertical line equals square root of 16 plus 16 plus 4 end root equals 6 end cell row blank cell stack G F with rightwards arrow on top times stack G E with rightwards arrow on top equals negative 1 left parenthesis negative 4 right parenthesis plus 4 left parenthesis 4 right parenthesis plus 6 left parenthesis negative 2 right parenthesis equals 4 plus 16 minus 12 equals 8 end cell end table end style

ليكن قياس الزاوية begin mathsize 20px style EGF end style هو begin mathsize 20px style theta end style، إذن:

begin mathsize 20px style table attributes columnalign right left right left right left right left right left right left columnspacing 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em end attributes row blank cell theta equals cos to the power of negative 1 end exponent invisible function application left parenthesis fraction numerator stack G F with rightwards arrow on top times stack G E with rightwards arrow on top over denominator vertical line stack G F with rightwards arrow on top vertical line vertical line stack G E with rightwards arrow on top vertical line end fraction right parenthesis equals cos to the power of negative 1 end exponent invisible function application left parenthesis fraction numerator 8 over denominator 6 square root of 53 end fraction right parenthesis almost equal to 79.4 to the power of ring operator end cell row blank cell A equals 1 half vertical line stack G F with rightwards arrow on top vertical line cross times vertical line stack G E with rightwards arrow on top vertical line sin invisible function application theta almost equal to 1 half cross times 6 square root of 53 sin invisible function application 79.4 to the power of ring operator almost equal to 21.5 end cell end table end style

ويمكن إيجاد begin mathsize 20px style sin invisible function application theta end style من معرفتنا بقيمة begin mathsize 20px style cos invisible function application theta end style من دون أيجاد زاوية begin mathsize 20px style theta end style كما يأتي:

begin mathsize 20px style table attributes columnalign right left right left right left right left right left right left columnspacing 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em end attributes row blank cell cos invisible function application theta equals fraction numerator 4 over denominator 3 square root of 53 end fraction not stretchy rightwards double arrow sin invisible function application theta equals square root of 1 minus left parenthesis fraction numerator 4 over denominator 3 square root of 53 end fraction right parenthesis squared end root equals square root of fraction numerator 477 minus 16 over denominator 477 end fraction end root equals fraction numerator square root of 461 over denominator 3 square root of 53 end fraction end cell row blank cell not stretchy rightwards double arrow A equals 1 half cross times 6 square root of 53 cross times fraction numerator square root of 461 over denominator 3 square root of 53 end fraction equals square root of 461 almost equal to 21.5 end cell end table end style


مسقط العمود على مستقيم من نقطة خارجه

أتحقق من فهمي صفحة (151):

إذا كانت: Error converting from MathML to accessible text. معادلة متجهة للمستقيم begin mathsize 20px style bold italic l end style، والنقطة begin mathsize 20px style bold italic P bold left parenthesis bold 2 bold comma bold 0 bold comma bold 10 over bold 3 bold right parenthesis end style غير واقعة على المستقيم begin mathsize 20px style bold italic l end style، فأجيب عن السؤالين الآتيين:

(a) أحدد مسقط العمود من النقطة P على المستقيم begin mathsize 20px style l end style

اتجاه المستقيم begin mathsize 20px style l end style المعطى هو: begin mathsize 20px style straight v with rightwards arrow on top equals not stretchy left angle bracket 5 comma 7 comma negative 3 not stretchy right angle bracket end style

افرض أن مسقط النقطة begin mathsize 20px style P end style على begin mathsize 20px style l end style النقطة begin mathsize 20px style F end style، فيكون متجه موقعها هو:

begin mathsize 20px style stack O F with rightwards arrow on top equals left parenthesis 16 plus 5 t right parenthesis ı with not stretchy hat on top plus left parenthesis 11 plus 7 t right parenthesis ȷ with not stretchy hat on top minus left parenthesis 3 plus 3 t right parenthesis k with not stretchy hat on top end sty 

ويكون العمود من begin mathsize 20px style P end style على begin mathsize 20px style l end style هو Error converting from MathML to accessible text. حيث:

begin mathsize 20px style table attributes columnalign right left right left right left right left right left right left columnspacing 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em end attributes row blank cell not stretchy rightwards double arrow stack P F with rightwards arrow on top equals stack O F with rightwards arrow on top minus stack O P with rightwards arrow on top equals left parenthesis 16 plus 5 t right parenthesis 1 with not stretchy hat on top plus left parenthesis 11 plus 7 t right parenthesis ȷ with not stretchy hat on top minus left parenthesis 3 plus 3 t right parenthesis straight k with not stretchy hat on top minus left parenthesis 2 straight i with not stretchy hat on top plus 10 over 3 straight k with not stretchy hat on top right parenthesis end cell row blank cell stack P F with rightwards arrow on top equals left parenthesis 14 plus 5 t right parenthesis straight i with not stretchy hat on top plus left parenthesis 11 plus 7 t right parenthesis ȷ with not stretchy hat on top minus left parenthesis 19 over 3 plus 3 t right parenthesis straight k with not stretchy hat on top end cell end table end sty

ولأن المتجهين begin mathsize 20px style straight v with rightwards arrow on top comma stack P F with rightwards arrow on top end style متعامدان فإن begin mathsize 20px style stack P F with rightwards arrow on top times straight v with rightwards arrow on top equals 0 end style 

begin mathsize 20px style table attributes columnalign right left right left right left right left right left right left columnspacing 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em end attributes row blank cell not stretchy rightwards double arrow 5 left parenthesis 14 plus 5 t right parenthesis plus 7 left parenthesis 11 plus 7 t right parenthesis minus 3 left parenthesis negative 19 over 3 minus 3 t right parenthesis equals 0 not stretchy rightwards double arrow t equals negative 2 end cell row blank cell not stretchy rightwards double arrow stack O F with rightwards arrow on top equals left parenthesis 16 plus 5 left parenthesis negative 2 right parenthesis right parenthesis straight i with not stretchy hat on top plus left parenthesis 11 plus 7 left parenthesis negative 2 right parenthesis right parenthesis straight j with not stretchy hat on top minus left parenthesis 3 plus 3 left parenthesis negative 2 right parenthesis right parenthesis straight k with not stretchy hat on top equals 6 straight i with not stretchy hat on top minus 3 straight j with not stretchy hat on top plus 3 straight k with not stretchy hat on top end cell end table end style

إذن مسقط العمود من النقطة begin mathsize 20px style P end style على المستقيم begin mathsize 20px style l end style هو النقطة begin mathsize 20px style F left parenthesis 6 comma negative 3 comma 3 right parenthesis end style

(b) أجد البعد بين النقطة P والمستقيم begin mathsize 20px style l end style.

begin mathsize 20px style P F equals square root of left parenthesis 6 minus 2 right parenthesis squared plus left parenthesis negative 3 minus 0 right parenthesis squared plus left parenthesis 3 minus 10 over 3 right parenthesis squared end root equals fraction numerator square root of 226 over denominator 3 end fraction end style


استعمال المتجهات لتحديد قياسات في أشكال ثلاثية الأبعاد

أتحقق من فهمي صفحة (154):

(a) أجد قياس begin mathsize 20px style straight angle E D B end style في الهرم المبين في المثال السابق.

begin mathsize 20px style table attributes columnalign right left right left right left right left right left right left columnspacing 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em end attributes row blank cell stack D E with rightwards arrow on top equals not stretchy left angle bracket 7 comma 8 comma 2 not stretchy right angle bracket end cell row blank cell vertical line stack D E with rightwards arrow on top vertical line equals square root of 49 plus 64 plus 4 end root equals square root of 117 end cell row blank cell stack D B with rightwards arrow on top equals not stretchy left angle bracket 8 comma 4 comma negative 8 not stretchy right angle bracket end cell row blank cell vertical line stack D B with rightwards arrow on top vertical line equals square root of 64 plus 16 plus 64 end root equals 12 end cell row blank cell stack D E with rightwards arrow on top times stack D B with rightwards arrow on top equals 7 left parenthesis 8 right parenthesis plus 8 left parenthesis 4 right parenthesis plus 2 left parenthesis negative 8 right parenthesis equals 72 end cell row blank cell theta equals cos to the power of negative 1 end exponent invisible function application left parenthesis fraction numerator stack D E with rightwards arrow on top times stack D B with rightwards arrow on top over denominator vertical line stack D E with rightwards arrow on top vertical line vertical line stack D B with rightwards arrow on top vertical line end fraction right parenthesis equals cos to the power of negative 1 end exponent invisible function application left parenthesis fraction numerator 72 over denominator 12 square root of 117 end fraction right parenthesis equals cos to the power of negative 1 end exponent invisible function application left parenthesis fraction numerator 6 over denominator square root of 117 end fraction right parenthesis almost equal to 56.3 to the power of ring operator end cell end table end style

(b) أجد حجم الهرم.

begin mathsize 20px style A B equals square root of 8 squared plus left parenthesis negative 2 right parenthesis squared plus left parenthesis negative 2 right parenthesis squared end root equals square root of 72 end style

ارتفاع الهرم هو طول العمود المرسوم من الرأس begin mathsize 20px style E end style إلى قاعدته وهو begin mathsize 20px style E M end style، حيث begin mathsize 20px style M end style هي نقطة منتصف أحد قطري الفاعدة المربعة: begin mathsize 20px style M equals left parenthesis fraction numerator 1 plus 9 over denominator 2 end fraction comma fraction numerator 1 minus 7 over denominator 2 end fraction comma fraction numerator negative 1 plus 3 over denominator 2 end fraction right parenthesis equals left parenthesis 5 comma negative 3 comma 1 right parenthesis end style

begin mathsize 20px style E M equals square root of left parenthesis negative 3 right parenthesis squared plus left parenthesis negative 6 right parenthesis squared plus left parenthesis negative 6 right parenthesis squared end root equals 9 end style

حجم الهرم يساوي ثلث مساحة قاعدته في ارتفاعه.

begin mathsize 20px style V equals 1 third left parenthesis square root of 72 right parenthesis squared left parenthesis 9 right parenthesis equals 72 left parenthesis 3 right parenthesis equals 216 end style

إذن، حجم الهرم يساوي 216 وحدة مربعة.

إعداد : شبكة منهاجي التعليمية

16 / 02 / 2023

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